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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 ( y4 g0 k$ C$ ?. H4 m& {
$ o5 H* Q" o! |5 i; F天朝博弈史1 S9 s5 S% h ?0 g; d' @9 r* y
m3 l" b/ `' v* Q
博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
* o( z' V1 \5 Y0 L3 @许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
* w0 Q3 e7 E5 m) N/ k/ I《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 2 b- p; v1 U# ?: c& m# v
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2 @6 _$ y0 ]1 q& r
→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
( `6 W( k) f( i/ l9 R9 I《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 3 ^) ~6 H8 i" m; {
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 8 w7 V7 s/ {" D1 ]# Q W6 Q
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
1 F. y1 a4 U: M7 t2 Z- C: \
3 m! i6 s' v7 _: r6 G9 \$ Z) T: s《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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; ~* ~4 y) _9 G6 d. p. U& t6 h→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
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晋朝" e/ \' c- O5 B4 w
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
. A) V* j8 K1 h1 |% H→/ f# Z2 K* `7 O, P, ?# K& \2 L* h
% B0 ^7 c9 w* {; O' i4 A- N
唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
$ z# y* \8 j) p$ H$ e6 a5 Z
4 W7 c+ f- |2 y& d& ~北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 9 p% y9 A# z$ l% Z
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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→6 K. I' M) V" {0 s+ }& o
G" o" J+ I; A1 n7 @3 Y4 d% u3 S! R# Z
辽、金
8 ~5 n) T/ ^$ `. O" o& i
2 m1 ~6 e e1 z3 t" I5 O辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”4 a, a9 u; u) _
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→
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; ]" W" j! S4 j. f b- c! v
' l1 n/ L w x8 E7 V6 [明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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→ D5 S0 ~' k- v2 f$ M- t; e! S% e; S
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ; f& l2 Y9 X' Y; e( |, m- t
: N {# O; a2 a
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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9 {$ x% r, M' Q/ d! e雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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8 A! v9 ?! B5 a" w清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” ( W% V% t9 H+ C3 v, ]
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。6 ^* N7 g# q6 c- l8 N7 \' @# V) r
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ^6 X; U) [8 V5 j8 |7 o9 \4 \
% @0 U a" [" _( n8 ]3 d汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
2 O) F6 k' [: U5 }
8 T3 e2 U! f! f同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 & n. G1 D1 t2 q8 t; K; j
8 _ |$ V0 d/ n# n( }* q蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。3 ~9 H# x9 Z3 g" p5 @
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 2 _1 N7 W. y; x7 v
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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7 x! T: w/ _9 V; ]光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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* d& J! ~) l5 z5 l: D* t中华民国5 M2 ]8 r1 G) B3 a2 H
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
7 b: w. T% M/ Q( f1 s$ f( O) d1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” + T( d( K P7 I x8 v
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