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天朝博弈史
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- g4 E) r: n* N( N6 u博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 + R5 y/ Q5 g/ q# W9 |0 ? V
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” : B. J' T1 F9 _
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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# k7 h0 R% H; |5 l% @→春秋战国- l7 U& Z8 V5 P4 N5 b4 G
) J( N p9 j; O7 I: ?0 R* J( @% C0 W2 B《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
& W; l9 Q) J! {- Q$ s9 m《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 # |5 ]* t8 i9 P- r# Q( X
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” & r1 D- v- F( f0 [/ O3 v$ I1 F( E
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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3 K& s3 z) [8 r; i" p# }$ Z《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 : D9 b: A0 B0 ]) h
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→汉朝9 H9 T" w+ _' _
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛3 [% F3 Y' B6 y' d& n% ?! M) R8 G' }
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→
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9 Y' S, o/ T. F$ I. p6 A$ [# `9 q6 K) [晋朝
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5 g" B6 s" z0 r+ O. l$ Q C东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” - [. y7 ?- v3 H1 {# ~# y
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唐朝2 r1 q- g6 P7 z* Y
9 _. `* n' _% i/ l/ y( y$ X$ ~2 `唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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9 X" ~' D" N C T3 v2 l宋朝0 L1 d2 w+ o' D8 f) C' V
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 8 W Y9 K1 M5 @
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。6 {: S" W' U7 i1 I
( n/ ^* f. n$ }" T1 C2 r! `《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”4 W7 v4 e. l! c% r% ~
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→
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k# i9 l( m, P8 r2 h明朝
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3 Q' w8 y; J8 y% m) t$ c: E/ L: y/ \& y明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝5 K. u% o- V0 B2 i6 x0 E
5 e9 h3 p) a' C% Q9 @+ d" O8 ~5 t. B《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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S, V- x# A# w0 K6 X$ n9 P康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 + w* x1 i) @: _9 E& e
9 s8 b: _+ H& u- i+ p雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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! ]8 g) ?: c1 D- ^& T0 I清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
, u3 h8 d" S* m* ~+ {咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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* V7 D3 c3 ]. M# D洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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5 x' F& H$ N, z- X6 A7 d. J汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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! z. l, C/ b. |6 j, V+ q9 ?' o1 X2 R5 b同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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0 K, K$ D+ P1 m" w& k1 }$ N蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
* q, ] T( t& h! I i吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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2 C- N' \5 t( V k' F5 T2 O光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 5 [2 H5 l& I5 `9 S1 K; v W) a
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” & V' W8 J- @: T- ?0 L' O5 _
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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