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天朝博弈史+ Y+ o( a8 f8 k, J
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博弈即Dubo,是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物,有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅,还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类,如:六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
2 z% I! k5 f$ s( j6 V许慎《说文》载:“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时,即发展出六博的游戏,《说文》称:“(六博)局戏也,六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
+ b3 T4 F, G9 b5 y9 t1 @: O; ?《史记·殷本纪》上说,武帝乙“为偶人,谓之天神,与之博”。
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+ v! @/ Y' z8 _: `- `* l, f→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载,大梁虞姓富户好博戏,每日开设博局招赌,四方赌徒闻风而来。 : Q* W' C) o: X) B, F
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
% `5 l1 s- ^. }/ ^; I: U8 \$ z《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴,与井公博,三日而决” , x% W4 R |/ Z; [! H
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏,双方发生冲突,渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏,南宫万大怒,用六博盘砸死渭公。( z& v4 m+ }! W$ W* { H4 j
5 x! v- m `# D7 d* t《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝
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. s3 A$ j I4 W% U( O. o, |汉武帝时,翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵,赌风稍有收敛
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→
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# J+ [2 T f) w5 X东晋谢安在淝水之战时,“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集,方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄,是日玄惧,便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云:‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉,至夜乃还。”
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2 H# @1 N, {' Z0 R8 k唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏,是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来, 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”,最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →# \2 E) o. Z% S) F& g8 v0 k: l5 N
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宋朝
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0 ~. I* t2 m& e$ s9 t北宋初年禁赌甚严,在京城Dubo者一律处斩,《宋史·太宗纪》载:太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑,诏京城蒲博者,开封府捕之,犯者斩”。
+ T5 J# E! z8 T苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出:京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”,以“赌赛输赢”。0 s) S+ k2 o4 f! X# e& s! I
* L+ C5 ^# p4 S4 q: q- F9 F《宋史·贾似道传》:“似道,少落魄,为游博,不事操行。 ”元兵南下,宋宋岌岌可危,“时襄阳围已急,似道日坐葛岭,起楼阁亭榭,取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾,日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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→
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2 M! ]* E: ~3 B9 v辽、金 ]% C( \" i8 \2 K7 `
+ Z7 c9 q( S, N7 ~6 R6 h$ m$ r辽道宗“晚年倦勤,用人不能自择,令各掷骰子,以彩胜者官之。”8 k5 r9 X2 F1 a4 ]0 Q
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→
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明朝4 q/ [: B" l. I; c
3 \ q% H6 J2 F% _* X% u- k# w) c明朝盛行马吊,王崇简《冬夜笺记》说:“士大夫好之(马吊),穷日累夜,若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道,冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。( e% }2 P+ T! x& j4 P
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) e. `+ L3 Z. V2 V$ [1 C清朝
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8 B: u1 B j( d. w2 h- M9 q" c《大清律例》中规定:“反Dubo,不分兵民,俱枷号两月”:凡民人“开场诱引Dubo,经旬累月,聚集无赖放头、抽头者,初犯杖一百,徒三年:再犯杖一百,流三千里”。
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6 K+ \) U8 U9 o康熙“莅位之初,即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民,屏息而不敢出,内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀,外则商旅恬安,宵行夜宿,少遭劫盗,田畴益治,并里宴眠”。 & g& f! H% t X: Q. J! n: H% E
+ @/ B+ k* H& C, l% E5 @# z雍正时对Dubo一再严禁,“日夜严缉”,史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁,Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。 r/ q1 S D B5 |. n, ^& i; n
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗:“相唤相互日征逐,野狐迷人无此酷,一场纵赌几家贫,后车推鉴前车覆。”
3 [- O0 K& n" Z咸丰时,孝钦皇后嗜赌,经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风,遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”,“一日不博,若荷重负”,赌技颇佳,“常胜不负,人至莫敢与角”[4]。4 Y- o, V: C ~: w" u# {/ k( c$ c
: \" D: [. v, N/ g: }1 t# z洪秀全定都天京,颁布《太平刑律》,规定Dubo者处以极刑,当街绞死。
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' c% d" O6 X. E汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风:“赌馆林立,皆层楼崇敞,光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间,京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博,尤喜摇摊,“每战辄北,不三五次,资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说:“天下之倾家者,莫速于赌;天下之败德者,亦莫甚于博”。
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+ e3 e; l5 x4 x" l/ a. h9 L4 E2 y/ t张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新,将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被,马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯,被马用铡刀砍死。 + f- m/ B0 |1 I3 G+ ^$ Y8 B
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说:“禽之善斗者,有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡,古法也,而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉,北人好斗鹌鹑,惟山右为甚。富室贵胄,遇有俊物,不惜重价购之。……示日开圈,鹑客麇集,挟资千万。”; x5 s& K; B" G0 _
3 V- b* \7 T# X' @' ]5 s光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道:“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽,见几个为Dubo灭了人伦,见几个为Dubo与人拼命,见几个为Dubo昧了良心,见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍,见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒,自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说:“最普通的是斗鸡,斗蟋蟀,南方有斗黄头鸟,斗画眉鸟,北方有斗鹌鹑,一群闲人们围着呆看,还因此赌输赢。”
0 U0 ?/ u$ z6 x5 p1 S4 o6 i1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道:“男人以打麻将为消闲,女人以打麻将为家常,老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界,可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的!” $ T( s" {. e1 D+ y" B
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