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# t- [6 ^* V: d/ R% l& A* l天朝博弈史
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9 I% L4 N# x$ a3 U, @博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 8 w! [" {& S9 j0 L/ ?! W
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
$ o& M c B6 M+ H. E$ G q《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 # {) ~" D- Z i2 v6 ]
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# Q! r! p2 l- R2 s5 G& U→春秋战国6 u( r4 B$ r; {. {* _! D( _
/ m' e# n6 P3 { q, r《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 " D8 o S- I, D+ j
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 8 e+ f9 [$ s& R9 v& n+ I$ t
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
a) w! h" ?% n! H8 |! v《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 # i4 m' R4 T0 O( p
/ ^! F- C) S: W5 I9 B+ f9 P% F; Q→汉朝8 F a# U5 {( X7 n! d! J
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- a& A# U: s2 n, h" P汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝( z2 v( H# f+ A
8 b c R3 @2 b' j唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →+ K, ]$ w' A ?+ S- P$ I6 `2 R
* o: h8 S( z8 B/ a宋朝
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7 |) I4 f. S2 m: c5 [! _. H北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 $ f3 v% `3 a0 K, P" w( u2 Q
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。! [7 v @) \: g8 u; v& N& x$ x) z7 a
$ F- o% P, g- M# n1 ?
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”3 G- n' x3 n- M% ~* b; v" P( J2 @
+ B$ f' }; m' `2 e4 o+ l; R→
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) g* F3 H# |: X4 T! Y辽、金
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6 u& z( X) e" k, H3 p! ~$ B% m辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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→
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' F* W3 q5 Z4 q6 r+ ~) V明朝
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8 `9 t* O0 ^+ t$ K& h8 E: z2 j明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。9 L' F* S, N# |+ n
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* u* K8 ]+ N+ H) d清朝6 Q/ `$ g! k+ q: O$ [% _4 \ q' V
" |6 I; y3 e; y1 Z* [8 m《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 4 t5 f( n! K" O( A$ W
( r$ s! M1 r) E/ a3 \康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 ! S- c% v8 f% G: ^5 T
& H2 z1 f0 n9 ?% o雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 4 {7 H! ?+ z! o: |) p
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。0 I4 Z3 a4 e3 H0 \0 g
0 D, O: H+ E: d! O; i/ W洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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+ o3 d* s9 Y0 v5 s1 p汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 9 V. w$ l: F5 G. o
/ c/ U* L c& [2 s+ I7 o) J) k6 l' C同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。6 e3 O8 e0 V9 W3 Q. d8 m
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 ' F9 Y) @% b8 s. O5 f$ d Q& E* S
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 4 b7 V! @4 p" f- f; X- K
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+ G3 X# X7 G# s8 D( Q2 {鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” + {4 {7 n. Z; I' O, U8 H9 v
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” . S4 d5 O ~! d* U) A3 A, D! Y; I
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