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0 f! Q4 q9 b5 f5 g# \/ U# z天朝博弈史3 _, d# V$ x3 t+ t8 A
6 n ^# l {$ }) R7 ^博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 ' `0 Y8 \' w! [1 I* Q
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
' o! R5 Z( L D/ V' N( q《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 & M/ y b, k% P- @2 w
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n* L8 M+ S& T→春秋战国
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9 \+ Z' u5 k9 a! v《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
6 P) L+ {! ^5 z; M( T( z. b《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 ! v7 l: m: C$ e) h: ^
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” , I6 P& h) P% f7 [7 E* {
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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0 P) u/ d" M2 E+ B. L6 ?《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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T6 m a P7 n# w b) d) Q→汉朝- ~( ]+ T( L- V: {& H; y
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$ c, J( b2 D( C3 F( T汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛% q4 R9 t/ I& a* ^# b% C2 m1 I5 }
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4 ~: G D1 A# C+ ]) g晋朝' _% t9 S a, N2 y! U
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 8 C* u3 {; h6 t! _
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唐朝* L( a" r" J/ E! [ @# N: b! W
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
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: H3 z7 C4 [1 P/ ]! ]' c& }北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 # L# v7 `( D( @$ M5 W
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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: S" i" ?) A' J# P+ k/ }6 ?《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”, k) f& D3 E) O( \, ?
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3 [+ ?7 ^3 h H9 o& ]辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”. F6 N6 f/ t$ W* g; T. S
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# |- k% ^! u/ a明朝& N. u0 D/ [! s2 u) S
' G+ H5 l) ~, v& E明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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) t. `+ l/ R3 R- @ ~( ^清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ( H( `' h2 L. @' `, F4 P9 i
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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6 Z. x3 T" b: P雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。) U, D4 L' B( ?" U
& Q. U6 |+ O$ T4 z2 p5 g清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
. o* G- |1 Z) \' r5 u6 h咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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3 c# X! K0 v% n' b1 V( v洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ^% O4 e5 [' Z+ O& w* b5 i( a
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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# ~7 a% y+ S7 U* k9 A. M" [6 a同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 - I/ m! }) h* O8 b
6 t# T& X: {+ T: ?7 D+ B蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。$ V. @# S. U5 R- d; E8 q; t7 `5 w
: c) x; y2 T# d4 u& y3 ~张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
( K* N% c9 D6 u' B0 k! U( v* G8 r吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”% n: M# n- Y! c, m
( `1 K! r: K" [9 v/ z) {# f光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” - ?6 k2 u8 m4 {5 [) S: W
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' g9 J9 l7 _4 I鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” ! U& W! ]9 ]/ ^
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 0 I; }1 n5 F/ a; k& R
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