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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 6 w- }7 R7 H' n6 `. [& A) W! k
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天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
$ l' `' V) C7 `9 M3 H! a许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” . r9 I4 r# {/ i0 `% w
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 2 g0 q$ u4 w9 c% D& G, Y& g7 a5 {
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]! z" K3 a0 Z% U→春秋战国# P" }* q( Q& y5 P/ o
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 ; c3 h1 W2 }# }
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
9 i, Z( d/ g/ Q6 ?: P《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” ' I: v% R# o8 P
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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8 I x+ c$ ~% d+ C4 H6 s4 c《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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& ]! c7 H. R* w- E% X+ W& T→汉朝6 m" \1 `6 n1 e+ o1 \- _
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1 v$ V# S. p, _- a/ F7 a汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛* a4 G5 Z: d& n- ^7 e/ Y
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→
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* o1 o1 X" R$ d( n) e# ?' B晋朝
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( X. P5 f4 u7 Y p6 c; [; z东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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E; ]' z! y. N7 S唐朝; w) [/ |5 M2 C5 t% V
2 _3 J# v$ ~: M* J5 _ T9 K唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →. e8 e* s3 T3 ?% h
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宋朝
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/ y& h( G/ _9 p. X( N3 h北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
1 p, A5 O, j/ o. w3 Z& G! P4 I苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。, y! J- G$ k8 N- g3 ?1 u$ d
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”5 T5 q: C7 p( \, e t
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, [$ E7 g4 h0 u辽、金( r. c% D0 D: W1 @5 i h# c* r
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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# u% o1 B. x/ H2 [- J& y) D5 ~6 I明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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→$ T) y7 r7 y6 I, r7 M
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清朝( ^- s2 p' f$ z8 i# I4 h+ T5 t
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 $ A0 f. U+ a& Y* g
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
$ }: B) ~' E) p0 x/ K% @. {" @& w9 w* h8 ]
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。4 [( D, [: I4 e4 r8 Q: m" F9 z
! x$ ^# I+ o5 Q" i6 [清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
& U3 u. L6 A# E: f" f' e" A8 d& s) U咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
2 O- U6 I. a$ C' M! s. c$ j; @, [ 8 d. `3 W( t4 v* i) i. u- v
洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 9 G. K2 F4 a, k+ r( B
G2 l2 N( c( g* J汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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" w3 X. b N! [4 f2 K; p4 E蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。$ e1 n9 r1 P" S, S/ R2 R% L I5 U
3 Z, E) E" `& V e张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
+ a: j* X5 Y# I3 r2 Z/ v7 C吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” ! S! Y" D6 c7 z9 S* z
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7 j2 f2 }+ h5 D0 D4 G8 x2 Y中华民国
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2 ~' ~& [7 _* } r- t鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” : r0 a ]2 z3 p: j
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” " z0 A" f. ?, ]" U% ?' ?
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