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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 " l0 Q7 [3 r5 D( o9 Q* p% `0 x
$ T. J( L. I4 O$ s7 j天朝博弈史7 N& t7 n l- ~2 }. c8 i. W
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 7 @0 f h# L9 g0 S# R7 ~
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
# K Y1 B9 t! M9 _《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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; ~+ d. X S$ I8 ?. E. {1 ?" F→春秋战国
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: g- |6 i/ w6 ~& q6 A1 V《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 + d8 E3 m6 ~9 b% Y6 u a
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
$ l3 U) v5 K7 u# \# [《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
% Q7 ^3 C m% O- c5 o《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝6 J. j( g; U; ?- c
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
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% j- T, U7 r" b: O: Q晋朝, c# A. j! M) ~% W* p- Y: P7 S
% N, b, [" ^ K% @+ z8 _& L东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
& I3 p3 S" U$ r+ a. s→% g- U9 ^0 ^6 v% P! K3 \) I
4 H4 ^; g* ?5 Z7 b唐朝
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: `( O; P0 {( T, b% C8 {唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →; T4 R, t" {" J% w# J
, A( e2 S4 M+ B4 G, \& ~' x宋朝6 _0 Y* Z! u$ ]* }
3 Q* Z7 d) @* S3 i7 _5 u北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
8 A& q; x: ^% n' d6 Z2 n苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。' K# T4 U( G& p; [2 l0 |1 h
) n( J2 E& F' f& Z* R$ @! f Z$ t, W《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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& o* \, g( u* k辽、金
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% @$ Z2 K L/ Z. G: k4 \% q辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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# _4 P# V* Z; B) D+ N明朝8 K C6 A" c& U8 _; ^$ ?% e$ L1 E
6 H9 g7 e0 w4 o2 p0 b \1 L明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。( N) N6 \: W. x# Z
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 # ?9 }& V, t( v
) s8 x- d* S \2 Z" ` g康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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- A+ p+ ]7 e: N" L+ d" t+ x雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。: w6 @4 u) w3 T, g: Y* j. v) O
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” / K( b4 e: z9 i0 S1 C; X2 k3 B5 n
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。6 Y7 S/ T X. ^3 x1 p2 \
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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/ @. S3 S0 n- L- [7 a汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 6 L: p Y8 _; ^# u9 e
$ W/ z' j0 I. O同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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3 h: Q' X; \% I% F蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。 Y. C+ ~4 r+ k) U b6 _
1 ~7 f$ |1 r9 P4 R, a) P张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 3 L" u8 B. Z+ r
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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" U" D8 ]* G& W ^/ E* J鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
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