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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 % Q" |+ T$ @# ^% t
- o+ |. r( Q. h天朝博弈史
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' |5 [- p9 m _1 W2 B1 Q/ I: w博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 : g0 h @, ^, b
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 1 J, h9 Y( h* U; ]9 p
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 / r5 N$ C# n& R: q: l0 l
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→春秋战国6 g9 I; W: I, J7 `
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
; y& ]" z1 ?1 f. W: W/ f6 b《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 4 q: ]- J3 O/ o/ Z
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 4 u* H( S2 U# d% u' Q" D. B
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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1 |% J" t- d k1 z* i+ K' y《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝# {4 Z- F6 i+ B& W6 J9 h
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” & P9 ?# {5 H! U. v" Q3 {8 C1 s
→
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5 e$ U% r5 F' ~0 n' S6 n唐朝
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' e8 @: s$ k5 [5 E唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝- k; O8 N8 Z1 _; P% v; ^+ v; s
2 b' U4 v- [7 p3 u1 P北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 `+ k: E4 J# R9 R O1 i
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”2 c4 j- `8 p/ a9 \( W
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/ [! i$ A' @ K5 V) {) u辽、金5 i Y" I8 n$ ~5 S+ P# b$ N: j
! L4 t E, Z; ^6 C4 O& b1 E! a辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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→
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明朝
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- w' O$ j) B$ L" S* U8 q明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。0 e' e8 n. h" o1 Q( |
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→
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`7 K# g/ ]. m- F, W3 L0 ]清朝
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' h# ?, z3 {2 l. p3 f& T! S. l4 _《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 * D b0 ?, L$ ~3 R1 \& o9 W4 V
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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, L( g; b5 X4 ]/ P, J6 \# u: S清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
9 |/ w) P6 l1 d. Z4 R8 n: \4 v咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。& `) J7 C7 G( w
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 _; l/ J6 u" ~# B! E
- d9 {9 h$ q5 I( u k7 a) T& E5 M汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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1 V! q+ s7 A2 p, x$ @同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 : O4 r+ w7 ` N9 Q
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。. p4 x! t; z# b2 l4 Y
|5 X! _ f: ]8 H2 k. Q! `张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
% E- c! T6 @) ]# I; O吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”" c8 c1 z6 B5 Y5 W7 n
: v1 }1 i$ b/ D- [; _4 G& n光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” : U- a4 g8 K7 ]% {- g8 }
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
+ t0 F) n# x7 M' a5 A4 A1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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