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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 0 h% C- j6 L( R
; C9 i9 y/ E( I天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 . U4 Q% I: `5 {# X" o; j
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 7 s H- n! H9 U9 Y
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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, I$ j+ ]" [7 ~$ F, w& l/ z# g3 v→春秋战国* Y( u. l5 E4 u# G3 f3 X- l( V
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 ) k% f; Y! W9 K
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 ( e$ ~! z8 _3 [( q
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 8 s# u% ?0 n+ v8 Z' O) X1 u. E
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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. q, l3 b9 A& P/ a《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 - A/ E/ m: E6 _; W$ }
5 V, _$ w/ K( m6 l5 w, e# L6 L+ O
→汉朝
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- F, q4 H" |0 C$ N2 Y汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛$ U8 x8 t J3 B, V
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→4 _. K& X+ u/ M3 e
. l3 x. C9 y( v: m晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝- d N- o8 J: M' ?
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 → Y7 w' Z. y' e1 O8 J2 I: g2 S
+ g. n& h, n; |3 d宋朝" g6 a, d! t( P- T; G- h0 m
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
" @6 A4 g5 A2 J苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。1 d( ~$ [ f' W) o6 M* k
+ E2 Y3 u4 j( y8 M# T! [1 r& R- F《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”0 g' d3 ]; \% d% a4 ^
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→
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) U& W4 Q% U: `$ M辽、金2 B8 S) ?" [" m2 ~
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝3 A7 V( w' ~' u5 o$ j. r( _7 j
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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3 j8 O2 k* e: \' S$ | K清朝; A1 J ^( X2 G' m8 f' B
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 * {4 g# q5 j/ ?, r+ ~9 w# i
% c9 q8 E! J# n; f
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 7 l; w) N+ L$ ^
2 L7 J6 [3 d& |雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。) C; _" K8 I6 G* H
, j# H; u- D) _清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
6 A2 _: w- W, [% }3 o9 p咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。4 E1 R5 l* V# g# H5 F( ~
1 [! g0 m" r/ r; E洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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+ @! B* w, H/ C! l' u汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 , `! C" e- ~* d5 X7 h
' V! ^4 Q: e* U1 E! y同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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( U9 a0 s& J- ~8 k9 p蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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, C+ q0 b6 S# i0 [: E: u0 U张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
; z( H/ U3 n$ a- X% r, G* B吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
# r: ]4 W. i' d N1 N K1 e/ `1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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