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最近一段时间,“元宇宙”成为科技界炙手可热的新概念。那什么是“元宇宙”的终极形态呢?有业界人士指出,其实就是脑控技术。通过脑机接口,人脑可直接控制外部事物,化“思”为“行”,甚至不需要语言或者动作。这一技术的日新月异,究竟会给人类社会带来什么呢?
脑控新技术场景纷纷亮相
脑控技术在医疗健康领域发展潜能甚大。早在2004年,美国布朗大学就研发了可以植入大脑的BrainGate系统,该系统被植入到13个瘫痪者大脑的运动皮层中,成功地让中风瘫痪的妇女在没有看护者帮助的情况下,用机械臂喝了第一口咖啡。但是BrainGate脑控系统最大的问题在于它直接植入人的头骨,通过阵列针固定,容易对人的大脑产生损伤。
2020年,马斯克推出一款脑机芯片,通过微创方式植入人的大脑,可以用来帮助残疾人恢复身体机能,甚至可以和人工智能技术相融合,对治疗老年痴呆、记忆力减退,甚至精神类疾病,都有一定效果。
随着脑控科技的发展,它有望逐步应用于游戏娱乐、学习教育、智能家居乃至军事领域。美国的Emotiv和NeuroSky两家公司正在研发脑控电子游戏设备,在其设计中,手柄、鼠标等传统游戏操控设备成为历史。在学习教育方面,脑控技术公司BrainCo已开发出世界上第一款可以在教室中使用脑电图检测技术的产品,可以帮助学校管理者打造注意力更集中、更有效率的课堂。
在2020年的世界机器人大赛上,脑控打字,脑控识图,脑控无人机起飞、降落、旋转等近乎科幻的场景纷纷亮相,向世人展示了脑控技术未来的无限可能。
脑控技术另一面“解码”大脑
脑控技术并不只有让人振奋的一面。大脑和外部事物建立直接连接,不仅仅意味着大脑可以通过装置控制外部事物,也意味着可以通过外部手段实现对大脑的影响和控制。因而,脑控技术的另一面就是“控制大脑”。这是指基于外部的干预措施,对目标对象的大脑进行解码,以实现对人脑思维活动的解读、干扰和控制。
多年前,已有西班牙神经科学家展示了如何通过无线电控制大脑来抑制动物的越轨行为。之后,更为先进的控脑手段如激光束、超声波、电磁脉冲、轻度交流电等陆续为科学家所用。
美国卡内基梅隆大学科学家近年来实现了借助功能磁共振成像技术揭示个人的隐秘想法,使得了解大脑如何处理、存储和回忆信息成为可能。芝加哥大学科学家在2020年研发出采用硅纳米技术的控脑神经调控方法,可以把信息写入脑内进行神经调控。Facebook也公布了他们关于控脑技术的最新研究成果——利用人类大脑皮层的活动实时解码问答式对话,未来,这一技术或可直接解码出人的想法,而不待其开口。
脑控技术探索仍处于初级阶段
层出不穷的脑控技术,大有令人眼花缭乱之势。不过,这一方向的探索目前总体上仍处于初级阶段。近年来,美国、欧盟、日本皆在积极布局脑控科技,脑机接口技术已被美国商务部纳入出口管制。我国也于2016年启动“脑计划”,探索以人工智能为导向的类脑研究,并在国家“十四五”规划中将脑科学定为国家战略科技方向。脑控科技是其中关键技术之一。
显然,脑控新技术的发展,也会带来一系列安全和伦理问题,潜藏的风险不仅可能危及经济社会发展与国家利益,更有可能侵犯人性尊严。如何平衡科技力量与伦理准则,是这一技术需要正视与深思的课题。
来源:金色财经 |
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