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关于以太坊转POS后中心化风险的担忧
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1、目前看到比较普遍的误解是Lido如果质押的ETH超过51%,会产生中心化风险。 关于这个Lido的顾问hasu在一次采访中给出了比较系统的解答,概括来说: 1.1、Lido不是一个实体,而是一个中间层协议,或者简单理解为一个“联盟”,目前有29个节点运营商 1.2、节点运营商是真实抵押ETH的实体,“类似”现在POW的矿池,Lido无法直接控制节点运营商 在某些情况下,如果Lido对筛选运营商的价值观过于统一,会导致一些软性的治理风险,因此Lido的治理也引入了双重治理模型,stETH质押人拥有治理否决权 1.3、如果没有Lido的存在,我们可以看下目前排在前列的质押人:kraken、coinbase、binance,如果交易所占据过多的抵押,相信不会是一件好事 通过这几个方面看,Lido对以太坊2.0的良性质押更有帮助。 2、谁会发起51%攻击?如何发起攻击? v神曾经论述过POS相对POW的安全性,和发起攻击的成本,要远远高于POW:https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/11/06/pos2020.html 个人认为如果有人会发起攻击,大概率会是某一个交易所。从抵押趋势看,交易所也是抵押量最高的机构。 发起攻击的路径可能会是将质押衍生品当做交易抵押品,给高于平均水平的收益等等,短期会吸收大量新的抵押ETH。 如果这个数量高于51%的抵押,交易所的节点又可以看做是单一实体,他们就具备了一定审查区块的能力。 如果他们发起攻击,必然会造成一些不良后果和影响。但POS的恢复,相对POW要更容易,一旦这种攻击真的发生,相信整个以太坊社区也会做出反击,这个交易所会失去公信力。 区块链可以通过分叉恢复,由于公信力的丧失,也会有大量用户将资产提出交易所。 这种攻击只是假想,发生的可能性极低。就像POW矿池如果算力超过51%,发起攻击也会导致正义的矿工迁移到其他矿池。 3、客户端多样性也有一定的中心化风险 以太坊共识层客户端Prysm一度有超过70%的市场份额。 如果一个客户端占绝大多数市场份额,当它出错时,有可能导致不正确的区块被识别为正确的区块。进而导致没出错的节点被罚没。 以太坊社区去年也在积极解决这个问题,目前Prysm已经下降到40%左右。 4、所谓的富者越富、“智猪博弈”等资本集中风险 假设一个实体拥有10M的抵押量,每年有4%的抵押收益,大概经过43年的持续复利,会拥有51M的ETH。假设系统没有通胀,这个单一抵押实体按照这个操作,会超过51%的持币量。 这个假设听起来感觉确实比较吓人,但实际情况这几乎不太现实。首先,如果这么大量,几乎只能是一个中介结构,这种机构的抵押品由于是聚合很多用户的资产,所以一直会有流动,不可能产生持续复利效果。 如果是单一个人,这个体量目前的市场价1百亿美金,当价格大幅上涨后,不可能一直保持大额持仓不动。 目前从抵押情况看,单一实体最高可能会有50w的体量,按照这个体量采用不退出的策略,50年后才能积累到3百万的ETH,100年后达到2100w的体量。 这个风险可以说是有,但执行起来难度太大,需要有足够多的初次资产,需要有足够的耐心。如果谁能持续这么做50年,一定可以比肩巴菲特了。 为了支持以太坊更健康的发展,将ETH抵押在尽量分散的链上协议中,是一种长期的支持行为。 来源:金色财经 |
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